request

How do you read another symbol or timeframe without looking ahead? Call request.security. It runs your expression on the other series and hands each value to the first chart bar that closes at or after the moment the value was known, so a historical bar never sees what it couldn't have seen then. The other functions on this page read published facts, funding rates and, in AmenoScript, a daily coin ranking or every member of a list at once.

//@version=6
indicator("Last week's close, without looking ahead", overlay = true)
// The default: each week's close lands on the week's last daily bar,
// once the week has closed.
float thisWeek = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1W", close)
// TradingView's idiom: lookahead_on with an offset shows last week's close
// from the week's first bar.
float lastWeek = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1W", close[1],
      lookahead = barmerge.lookahead_on)
plot(thisWeek, "This week, once closed")
plot(lastWeek, "Last week, from Monday", color.orange)

request.security

Pine v6

request.security(symbol, timeframe, expression, gaps, lookahead, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency, calc_bars_count, max_age) → series <type>

Runs an expression on another symbol or timeframe and returns each value on the first chart bar that could have known it.

A bar is known at its close, read from its symbol's calendar and exchange session, so SPY's daily bar is known at 16:00 New York time whatever time its bars are stamped. A daily value therefore reaches an hourly chart on the day's last hourly bar, and a weekly value reaches a daily chart on the week's last daily bar. A series with release dates, such as a macro print, a data pack or a CSV file, is known when each row was published, not at its period's end.

The expression runs on the other series' own bars, so ta.sma(close, 20) fills its window there. It can be anything a script can compute: a ta.* call, close[1], an input, your own function, or a tuple such as [open, close], which returns a tuple. Only the code that can change the expression's value runs in that context. Plots, drawings, alerts and orders inside it do nothing.

Closed chart bars see only closed bars of the other series. A chart bar that is still forming sees the other series' forming bar too, which is the one place a request can repaint.

Where this engine parts from TradingView:

• A symbol it has no data for reads na and the run warns, where TradingView stops the script. The chart fetches the series the run reports missing, a symbol computed at run time included, and runs again.
• currency converts nothing. The values stay in the symbol's own currency, and the run warns.
• With gaps_on, if the other series' last bar closed before the chart's first bar opened, that first bar reads na here. TradingView may show the value there instead.

In leak-safe AmenoScript, which is how every AmenoScript text runs, a request can't look ahead. lookahead_on and calc_bars_count stop the script before it runs, and so does any read of a bar known after this bar's close. A series whose rows are later revisions rather than first prints reads na there. A Pine text gets warnings for the same things and runs as TradingView does.

Parameter	Default	Description
symbol series string		The series to read, for example "AAPL", "BTC-USD", "binance:BTC/USDT", "INDEX:BTCUSD" or "FRED:CPIAUCSL". An empty string means the chart's own symbol.
timeframe series string		An empty string for the chart's own. Otherwise minutes as "60" or "240", hours as "4H", and "1D", "1W", "1M", or seconds as "30S".
expression any		What to compute on that series.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_off holds the last value on bars that bring nothing new. gaps_on reads na except on the bar where a new value arrives.
lookahead simple barmerge_lookahead	barmerge.lookahead_off	lookahead_on shows a higher timeframe's bar from the first chart bar of its period, final value included. That reads the future unless the expression reads an earlier bar, as in close[1], and without such an offset the run warns. On a lower timeframe it reads the first intrabar. A series with release dates never looks ahead.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet. It reads na either way.
currencyNo effect here series string		Accepted for compatibility. No conversion happens.
calc_bars_count simple int		Runs the expression on only that series' last N bars.
max_ageAmenoScript only simple int		Seconds. Once the value a bar would show became public more than this long before the bar's close, the read gives na, until the next value arrives. na means no limit. See known time.

request.security_lower_tf

Pine v6

request.security_lower_tf(symbol, timeframe, expression, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency, ignore_invalid_timeframe, calc_bars_count) → array<type>

An array holding the expression's value on every intrabar of a lower timeframe inside this chart bar.

Each intrabar joins the array of the chart bar it closes in, by when it was known. A chart bar with no intrabars gets an empty array. A tuple expression returns a tuple of arrays. A timeframe higher than the chart's stops the script, unless ignore_invalid_timeframe is true, in which case the call reads na.

Parameter	Default	Description
symbol series string		The series to read, as for request.security.
timeframe series string		A timeframe lower than the chart's, such as "60" on a daily chart.
expression any		What to compute on each intrabar.
ignore_invalid_symbol series bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet. It reads an empty array either way.
currencyNo effect here series string		Accepted for compatibility. No conversion happens.
ignore_invalid_timeframe series bool	false	true reads na instead of stopping when the timeframe is higher than the chart's.
calc_bars_count simple int		Runs the expression on only that series' last N bars. Refused in leak-safe AmenoScript.

request.dividends

Pine v6

request.dividends(ticker, field, gaps, lookahead, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency) → series float

A dividend amount, read from the terminal's dividend series for the ticker, on the bar after its ex-date.

The value reaches the chart on the bar after the ex-date, as TradingView shows it. With lookahead_on it reads from the ex-date itself, and the run warns that this can be before the amount was public. Amounts stay as published.

Parameter	Default	Description
ticker series string		The share, such as "AAPL" or "NASDAQ:AAPL". An exchange prefix is dropped. Empty means the chart's symbol.
field series string	dividends.gross	dividends.gross. dividends.net reads the gross amount too, the only one the source gives, and the run warns.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na except on the bar a new amount arrives.
lookahead simple barmerge_lookahead	barmerge.lookahead_off	lookahead_on reads each amount from its own date. Refused in leak-safe AmenoScript.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet.
currencyNo effect here series string		Accepted. Amounts aren't converted, and any currency but USD warns.

See facts.

request.splits

Pine v6

request.splits(ticker, field, gaps, lookahead, ignore_invalid_symbol) → series float

One side of a share's latest split ratio, on the bar after its ex-date.

Parameter	Default	Description
ticker series string		The share. An exchange prefix is dropped. Empty means the chart's symbol.
field series string		splits.numerator or splits.denominator. There is no default, and any other value reads na.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na except on the bar a new split arrives.
lookahead simple barmerge_lookahead	barmerge.lookahead_off	lookahead_on reads each split from its own date. Refused in leak-safe AmenoScript.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet.

See facts.

request.earnings

Pine v6

request.earnings(ticker, field, gaps, lookahead, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency) → series float

A company's reported or estimated earnings per share, from the session after the report.

A report reaches the chart after the close on the next session, as TradingView shows it. With lookahead_on it reads from the report's own date, and the run warns.

Parameter	Default	Description
ticker series string		The share. An exchange prefix is dropped. Empty means the chart's symbol.
field series string	earnings.actual	earnings.actual or earnings.estimate. earnings.standardized reads the reported figure, the only one the source gives, and the run warns.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na except on the bar a new report arrives.
lookahead simple barmerge_lookahead	barmerge.lookahead_off	lookahead_on reads each report from its own date. Refused in leak-safe AmenoScript.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet.
currencyNo effect here series string		Accepted. Figures aren't converted, and any currency but USD warns.

See facts.

request.economic

Pine v6

request.economic(country_code, field, gaps, ignore_invalid_symbol) → series float

An economic series for a country, such as US CPI, from when each value was released.

US fields read public FRED series by TradingView's field codes, for example "CPI", "UR", "NFP", "GDP" and "M2". "INTR" gives the policy rate for the US and 16 other central banks, and a few other countries have "UR" and the euro area's inflation fields. Anything else reads na. A value reads at its release, and TradingView instead dates it at its period. That difference is on purpose: a backtest that dated a release at its period would hold each value weeks early.

Parameter	Default	Description
country_code series string		A two-letter code, such as "US", "GB" or "EU".
field series string		The indicator's code, such as "CPI" or "INTR".
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na except on the bar a new value arrives.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet.

See facts.

request.financial

Pine v6

request.financial(symbol, financial_id, period, gaps, ignore_invalid_symbol, currency) → series float

A company's reported financial figure, such as revenue or total assets, from when its filing was public.

A quarter reads from its filing date. TradingView dates it at the quarter's last session, before anyone could know it, and this engine keeps the filing date on purpose.

Parameter	Default	Description
symbol series string		The share. An exchange prefix is dropped. Empty means the chart's symbol.
financial_id series string		One of TOTAL_REVENUE, COST_OF_GOODS, GROSS_PROFIT, OPER_INCOME, NET_INCOME, SELL_GEN_ADMIN_EXP_TOTAL, RESEARCH_AND_DEV, EARNINGS_PER_SHARE_BASIC, EARNINGS_PER_SHARE_DILUTED, TOTAL_ASSETS, TOTAL_CURRENT_ASSETS, CASH_N_EQUIVALENTS, TOTAL_INVENTORY, ACCOUNTS_RECEIVABLES_NET, TOTAL_LIABILITIES, TOTAL_CURRENT_LIABILITIES, LONG_TERM_DEBT, SHORT_TERM_DEBT, TOTAL_EQUITY, TOTAL_SHARES_OUTSTANDING, CASH_F_OPERATING_ACTIVITIES, CAPITAL_EXPENDITURES or TOTAL_CASH_DIVIDENDS_PAID. Any other id reads na and the run warns.
period series string		"FQ", "FY" or "TTM". "FH" reads na, since US filers don't report half years.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na except on the bar a new figure arrives.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	true keeps a missing series quiet.
currencyNo effect here series string		Accepted. Figures aren't converted, and any currency but USD warns.

See facts.

request.funding

AmenoScript only

request.funding(coin, venue, series) → series float

A perpetual future's funding for a coin on an exchange, as an annual percentage or as the raw rate.

The series runs at the chart's timeframe, and a bar's last settlement is known when that bar closes. It reads the terminal's FUND:<venue>:<coin> series, so a chart of that symbol shows the same numbers.

Parameter	Default	Description
coin series string		The coin, such as "BTC".
venue simple string	"binance"	"binance", "bybit", "hyperliquid" (or "hl"), "gate" or "bitget".
series simple string	"apr"	"apr" for the annualised percentage, or "rate" for the rate each settlement paid.

See funding.

request.currency_rate

Pine v6

request.currency_rate(from, to, ignore_invalid_currency) → series float

The rate from one currency to another: 1 when both are the same, and na with a warning otherwise, since no exchange rates are loaded.

Parameter	Default	Description
from series string		The currency to convert from, such as "EUR".
to series string		The currency to convert to.
ignore_invalid_currencyNo effect here series bool	false	Accepted. The call reads na for two different currencies either way.

request.seed

Pine v6No effect here

request.seed(source, symbol, expression, ignore_invalid_symbol, calc_bars_count) → series <type>

Always na: this engine has no seed repositories.

Parameter	Default	Description
source series string		The repository name.
symbol series string		The series within it.
expression <arg_expr_type>		What to compute.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	Accepted.
calc_bars_count simple int		Accepted.

request.quandl

Pine v6No effect here

request.quandl(ticker, gaps, index, ignore_invalid_symbol) → series float

Always na: this engine reads no Nasdaq Data Link series.

Parameter	Default	Description
ticker series string		The series name.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	Accepted.
index series int		The column.
ignore_invalid_symbol input bool	false	Accepted.

request.footprint

Pine v6No effect here

request.footprint(ticks_per_row) → series footprint

Always na: this engine builds no volume footprints, and the footprint.* and volume_row.* functions read na too.

Parameter	Description
ticks_per_row simple int	The rows' height, in ticks.

request.md

AmenoScript onlyNo effect here

request.md(ticker, field, gaps, ignore_invalid_symbol) → series float

Reserved: no data is behind it yet, so it always returns na. The engine accepts the name so that a script that calls it still runs.

Parameter	Default	Description
ticker series string		The symbol.
field series string		The field.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	Accepted.
ignore_invalid_symbol simple bool	false	Accepted.

request.universe

AmenoScript only

request.universe(top, exclude_tags, include_tags, min_mcap, min_volume, min_age_days, hindsight) → array<string>

CoinMarketCap's ranking as an array of CMC: symbols, best rank first, for the last date known by this bar's close.

A date is known when it ends, so date D is known at the next midnight UTC. A daily chart's bar for D reads date D, and a bar still forming reads the day before. Before the first stored date the array is empty. Pass a member to request.security or request.each to read its price. Each filter reads that date's own values, so an old date has few tags: in 2017, USDT has none.

indicator("Share of the top 20 above their 50-day average")
array<string> m = request.universe(20, "stablecoin")
array<float> above = request.each(m, close > ta.sma(close, 50) ? 1.0 : 0.0)
plot(array.avg(above), "Share above") // na cells are skipped

Parameter	Default	Description
top simple int	50	How many to keep, counted after the other filters.
exclude_tags simple string		Comma-separated tags. A coin holding any of them on that date is left out.
include_tags simple string		Comma-separated tags. Only a coin holding one of them on that date is kept.
min_mcap simple float		The least market cap in US dollars on that date.
min_volume simple float		The least 24-hour volume in US dollars on that date.
min_age_days simple int		The least days since CoinMarketCap first listed the coin.
hindsight simple bool	false	true reads each coin's newest tags on every date, which nobody had then. Leak-safe AmenoScript refuses it, and any other run warns.

See the universe, and its date rule.

request.each

AmenoScript only

request.each(members, expression, gaps) → array<type>

Runs an expression on each member of a list of symbols and returns the results as an array in the list's order.

Each member runs as request.security would run it: on its own bars, with its own ta.* state and history, read at what this bar may see. A tuple expression returns one array per element. A member with no data reads na and is fetched for the next run. Call it at the top level of the script, not inside a function, a block or another request.

x[k] on the array that comes back is refused, because positions move when members move. Take the past inside the expression instead: request.each(m, close[5]).

Parameter	Default	Description
members array<string>		An array<string> of symbols, such as request.universe(50).
expression any		What to compute on each member.
gaps simple barmerge_gaps	barmerge.gaps_off	gaps_on reads na on a bar with no new print.

See each and pairs.

request.pairs

AmenoScript only

request.pairs(members, expression, warm) → matrix<type>

Runs an expression on every ordered pair of members, on the ratio of their closes, and returns a matrix.

Row i, column j holds the expression run on member i over member j. Inside the expression, close is the ratio of the two closes, left and right are the two closes themselves, and close[k], left[k] and right[k] read the pair's own past. A pair has no open, high, low or volume, so reading one, or calling a ta.* that reads them unasked, such as ta.atr, is refused. So are request.*, syminfo.* and a strategy() inside it. The diagonal is na, a zero on the right reads na, and a tuple expression returns one matrix per element.

A pair steps on the bars either coin printed, from the first day both have a price, and holds a coin's last close on a day it didn't print. It reads closed bars only. Up to 12,000 pairs keep their state, and a pair dropped past that replays to the same values when read again.

Parameter	Default	Description
members array<string>		An array<string> of symbols.
expression any		What to compute on each pair.
warm simple bool	true	true starts a pair at the two coins' first shared price whenever it is first read, so a coin joins the list with its past. false starts it on the bar it is first read.

See each and pairs.

request.age

AmenoScript only

request.age(symbol, timeframe) → series int

How many seconds before this bar's close the value this bar can read became public, as an int.

It reads na before the first value and when nothing loaded, and it is never negative. The chart's own series reads 0.

Parameter	Description
symbol series string	The series, as for request.security. Empty means the chart's symbol.
timeframe series string	Its timeframe. Empty means the chart's.

See known time.

request.status

AmenoScript only

request.status(symbol, timeframe) → series string

Whether a series has a current value to read: "ok", "late", "waiting" or "failed".

"ok" means there is a value to read, a quiet day between values included. "late" means the next value is overdue: 40 days on a monthly macro series, 6 days on a stock, 2.5 bars on a coin, and 5 times the median spacing so far on a file or funding series. A rank series is never late. "waiting" means the series loaded but nothing in it is public yet, and "failed" means nothing loaded. A symbol only the run can name reads "failed" until the chart has fetched it and run again. The chart's own series reads "ok".

Parameter	Description
symbol series string	The series. Empty means the chart's symbol.
timeframe series string	Its timeframe. Empty means the chart's.

request.quality

AmenoScript only

request.quality(symbol, timeframe) → series string

The data-quality flag on the value this bar can read: "bad", "gap", "jump" or "partial", the worst if it has several, and "" when it has none.

Each flag rests only on the bars up to its own, so it can't look ahead. It also reads "" when there is nothing to read, which request.status tells apart. Leak-safe AmenoScript takes no run on a forming bar, so there it never reads "partial".

Parameter	Description
symbol series string	The series. Empty means the chart's symbol.
timeframe series string	Its timeframe. Empty means the chart's.

barmerge.gaps_off

Pine v6

const barmerge_gaps barmerge.gaps_off

The default for gaps: a request holds its last value on bars that bring nothing new.

barmerge.gaps_on

Pine v6

const barmerge_gaps barmerge.gaps_on

For gaps: a request reads na except on the bar where a new value arrives.

barmerge.lookahead_off

Pine v6

const barmerge_lookahead barmerge.lookahead_off

The default for lookahead: a value shows on the first chart bar closing at or after it was known.

barmerge.lookahead_on

Pine v6

const barmerge_lookahead barmerge.lookahead_on

For lookahead: a higher timeframe's bar shows from the first chart bar of its period. Pair it with an offset such as close[1]. Leak-safe AmenoScript refuses it.

ticker.new

Pine v6

ticker.new(prefix, ticker, session, adjustment, backadjustment, settlement_as_close) → simple string

Builds a ticker string from a prefix and a symbol. An adjustment other than none names the adjusted view of a share's bars, which request.security reads.

Parameter	Default	Description
prefix simple string		The exchange, such as "NASDAQ". An empty string leaves the symbol bare.
ticker simple string		The symbol.
sessionNo effect here simple string	session.regular	Accepted. The session doesn't change what is read.
adjustment simple string	adjustment.none	adjustment.splits or adjustment.dividends reads the share's adjusted bars.
backadjustmentNo effect here simple backadjustment	backadjustment.inherit	Accepted, and changes nothing.
settlement_as_closeNo effect here simple settlement	settlement_as_close.inherit	Accepted, and changes nothing.

ticker.modify

Pine v6

ticker.modify(tickerid, session, adjustment, backadjustment, settlement_as_close) → simple string

A ticker with a new adjustment, keeping its symbol.

Parameter	Default	Description
tickerid simple string		The ticker to change.
sessionNo effect here simple string	session.regular	Accepted. The session doesn't change what is read.
adjustment simple string	adjustment.none	adjustment.splits, adjustment.dividends or adjustment.none. Left out, the ticker keeps its own.
backadjustmentNo effect here simple backadjustment	backadjustment.inherit	Accepted, and changes nothing.
settlement_as_closeNo effect here simple settlement	settlement_as_close.inherit	Accepted, and changes nothing.

ticker.standard

Pine v6

string ticker.standard
ticker.standard(symbol) → simple string

The ticker unchanged.

Parameter	Description
symbol simple string	The ticker.

ticker.inherit

Pine v6

ticker.inherit(from_tickerid, symbol) → simple string

The ticker symbol, with the adjustment and chart type that from_tickerid carries.

Parameter	Description
from_tickerid simple string	The ticker whose modifiers to copy.
symbol simple string	The symbol to give them to. Left out, the call returns from_tickerid.

ticker.heikinashi

Pine v6No effect here

ticker.heikinashi(symbol) → simple string

The ticker with a Heikin Ashi suffix. No such series is loaded, so a request on it reads na and warns.

Parameter	Description
symbol simple string	The ticker.

ticker.kagi

Pine v6No effect here

ticker.kagi(symbol, reversal) → simple string

The ticker with a Kagi suffix. No such series is loaded, so a request on it reads na.

Parameter	Description
symbol simple string	The ticker.
reversal simple int/float	Accepted.

ticker.linebreak

Pine v6No effect here

ticker.linebreak(symbol, number_of_lines) → simple string

The ticker with a line break suffix. No such series is loaded, so a request on it reads na.

Parameter	Description
symbol simple string	The ticker.
number_of_lines simple int	Accepted.

ticker.pointfigure

Pine v6No effect here

ticker.pointfigure(symbol, source, style, param, reversal) → simple string

The ticker with a point and figure suffix. No such series is loaded, so a request on it reads na.

Parameter	Description
symbol simple string	The ticker.
source simple string	Accepted.
style simple string	Accepted.
param simple int/float	Accepted.
reversal simple int	Accepted.

ticker.renko

Pine v6No effect here

ticker.renko(symbol, style, param, request_wicks, source) → simple string

The ticker with a Renko suffix. No such series is loaded, so a request on it reads na.

Parameter	Default	Description
symbol simple string		The ticker.
style simple string		Accepted.
param simple float		Accepted.
request_wicks simple bool	false	Accepted.
source simple string	"close"	Accepted.

adjustment.*

Values for ticker.new and ticker.modify's adjustment. adjustment.splits and adjustment.dividends read a share's bars adjusted back for splits, or for splits and dividends. adjustment.none reads the plain bars.

Each is a const string.

Name
adjustment.dividends
adjustment.none
adjustment.splits

backadjustment.*

No effect here

Values for ticker.new and ticker.modify's backadjustment, accepted for compatibility with TradingView's continuous futures. They change nothing here.

Each is a const backadjustment.

Name
backadjustment.inherit
backadjustment.off
backadjustment.on

settlement_as_close.*

No effect here

Values for ticker.new and ticker.modify's settlement_as_close, accepted for compatibility with TradingView's futures. They change nothing here.

Each is a const settlement.

Name
settlement_as_close.inherit
settlement_as_close.off
settlement_as_close.on

close.*

AmenoScript onlyNo effect here

Three values that TradingView doesn't have and nothing in this engine reads. For a futures symbol's settlement price, TradingView's setting is settlement_as_close.*, which this engine accepts and ignores too.

Each is a string.

Name
close.inherit
close.off
close.on

dividends.*

Fields for request.dividends. dividends.gross is the amount before tax, and dividends.net reads the gross amount too. The dividends.future_* values read na, since no feed here holds a date still to come.

Name	Type
dividends.future_amount	series float
dividends.future_ex_date	series float
dividends.future_pay_date	series float
dividends.gross	const string
dividends.net	const string

earnings.*

Fields for request.earnings. earnings.actual is the reported figure and earnings.estimate the consensus, while earnings.standardized reads the reported figure. The earnings.future_* values read na, since no feed here holds a date still to come.

Name	Type
earnings.actual	const string
earnings.estimate	const string
earnings.future_eps	series float
earnings.future_period_end_time	series float
earnings.future_revenue	series float
earnings.future_time	series float
earnings.standardized	const string

splits.*

Fields for request.splits: splits.numerator and splits.denominator, the two sides of a split's ratio.

Each is a const string.

Name
splits.denominator
splits.numerator